Syntactics are words, normally indeclinable, that fit between other parts of speech, and provide the connections that link them together, or modify the tone and feel of those connections. Syntactics cover the ground that English grammarians would normally divide into articles, conjunctions, and in some cases adverbs. For the purposes of this grammar, we will further divide this part of speech into two categories: articles and general syntactics.
Alurhsa has four words that can be classified as articles. The definite article, zhë, is used in front of any noun, or descriptive being used as a noun, which is being definitely indicated, in the same way as English the. The article does not vary for case, number, or normally for gender, although in formal and classical literature the article may be seen as zhe, zhá, zhë, zhó, and gle for masculine, feminine, neuter, conceptual, and spiritual forms respectively.
The definite article is also used to indicate classes of words, and in front of names of languages. Thus, líkálÿ zhë vonishán (I like cake), or dezhyálÿ ñevâ zhë vësúlán (I know how to speak V'sul).
íë (a, an, a certain) is used far less than its English equivalent. It is used when the intention is to single a certain one out of a group, but when that certain one may not be sufficiently identified to use zhë. As with all articles, íë does not vary for case or number. In modern standard usage it also does not vary for gender, although in formal and classical literature the forms áe, íá, íë, and lye may be found for masculine, feminine, neuter, and conceptual/spiritual respectively.
The two remaining articles, tá (that, you), and áye (any, any one of many), have only the one form. tá is most often found in expressions such as tá zále! (you good boy/girl!) or other exclamations, while áye is employed as an opposite of íë, thus íë sálek áv áye sálek (a certain book or any book).
General syntactics are listed
below:
|
¿eyë |
any+pron, pron+ever (follows the pronoun) |
|
ákánsá |
negative
(of numbers, follows the number) |
|
ányéve |
minus, less (in math) |
|
áxólá |
positive (of numbers. follows the number) |
|
çávin |
although |
|
çe |
just (to have just...) |
|
clá |
indeed, quite, very |
|
ddá |
and |
|
eç |
even, même, aún |
|
eçe |
even so, even still, still |
|
el |
that |
|
elñ |
if |
|
eltásh |
honestly, swearing to |
|
enthá |
maybe, perhaps |
|
eref |
therefor, so |
|
erná |
as long as, provided that |
|
gatsú |
anyway, also, as well, in any case |
|
góyáze |
as long as, while, throughout |
|
hálÿ |
why?, for what reason? |
|
he |
but, however |
|
ìtráváme |
as an aside, as a sidenote |
|
kálÿ |
because |
|
kìn |
almost, just |
|
kóleñ |
as if... |
|
kólf |
like |
|
me |
too (+adj/adv) |
|
ná |
desiderative particle, would that- |
|
nálÿ |
therefore, thus, for this reason |
|
ñe |
not |
|
ne¿á |
but, except that |
|
ne¿elñ |
but, unless, except that |
|
negel |
nevertheless, however |
|
ól |
than (comparitive) |
|
sá |
so, so much (sá...sá, as...as) |
|
shá |
already |
|
shthóleñ |
what if... |
|
spé |
lest, so that not |
|
szë |
emphatic particle (follows word being emphasized) |
|
tensá |
because of which (relative conjunctin) |
|
tsilme |
certainly, of course |
|
tsivën |
either, as well, neither |
|
tsú |
also |
|
ttòsne¿á |
almost, all but |
|
ve |
question forming particle |
|
vù |
plus (in math) |
|
vùne |
including, together with, as well |
|
yásheme |
otherwise |
|
yáshéne |
as opposed to, versus |
|
yáshexne |
on the other hand |
|
yáshnyets |
again |
|
yáshóváxne |
in other words |
|
zhë |
the |
|
zhla |
then, in that case |